Childhood Development Multicultural Perspective - Free Samples

Question: Examine about the Childhood Development for Multicultural Perspective. Answer: Presentation: It is the point of hypotheses of youngster advancement to concentrate in transit in which kids develop after some time outlines and develop in their adolescence. Speculations like these, attention on various natures of advancement including social, enthusiastic and subjective development. The investigation of the advancement of people is a shifted subject. It is hard to comprehend the manner by which kids develop and act with a particular goal in mind. There are a few hypotheses behind the personal conduct standards of youngsters dependent on their age, family connections or individual demeanors. For getting an understanding into human improvement there are a few speculations of kid advancement to examine and assess (Trawick-Smith, 2013). Hypotheses of youngster advancement give a specific structure for pondering human development and learning. The significance of the investigation of advancement is one might say that individuals can comprehend and assess the significance of mental speculations of improvement of youngsters and their perspectives. There are sure factors which persuades human idea and conduct just as the arrangement of knowledge into the people into the general public administration. The thoughts and the speculations of youngster improvement has changed throughout the years. From the outset the ideas of youngster improvement were not given quite a bit of significance and unassuming focus was given to their advances in subjective capacities, utilization of language, physical development and that happens during youth and immaturity. There are sure speculations of improvement which include intellectual and social development and a few hypotheses concentrate each part of the turn of events (David Weinstein, 2013). The start of the twentieth century saw a novel way of thinking perceived as behaviorism which was connected with the idea of brain science. There was the idea of connection of brain science which expected to underline just on the obvious just as quantifiable conduct so as to turn into a substantially more legitimate order. The conduct point of view centers around the way that the youngster conduct is determinable with the assistance of natural impacts. Conduct speculations of youngster improvement give accentuation on how the ecological collaboration impacts conduct and depend on the hypotheses of a few specialists. These investigates point to the way that the idea of learning happens absolutely through the procedure of relationship just as that of fortification. This specific hypothesis is a great deal unique in relation to past kid improvement speculations as it gives no thought to the measure of inner contemplations and perspectives. It essentially focuses on the experience with r espect to the manner in which it shapes human advancement the board (Gottfried, 2013). The subjective formative hypothesis of Piaget centers around the advancement of the point of view of a specific individual which takes a gander at the manner by which the perspectives impact the manner in which people comprehend just as cooperate with the world (Greenfield Cocking, 2014). Youngsters and their mimicking practices: With the quick pace of advancing ages, youngsters have begun meeting with their achievement a lot prior or at quicker pace than what their precursors used to. A few components are liable for this. It is accepted that in the event that the physical conduct is going on schedule, at that point there is being a fitting advancement of the mind. There is an intrinsic enthusiasm for the youngsters to duplicate the personal conduct standards in their general surroundings (Groh et al. 2012). Impersonation is a very ground-breaking route by which the little children gain from others. Rather than simply controlling family questions, kids begin brushing their hair and furthermore begin talking once again the telephone. The little children are incredible imitators and they are anxious to help their parental figures in any capacity conceivable in any portion of the home or work. They explicitly appreciate investing energy with other youngsters and furthermore with individuals who give them satisfa ction. It is the inalienable working of the kids to mirror the conduct of those individuals who are a piece of their day by day lives (Masten, 2014). By watching and mimicking others youngsters become familiar with the most impressive, satisfactory and unsatisfactory types of conduct. On the off chance that there are disparities of conduct the youngsters will undoubtedly watch, learn and duplicate the conduct also. In the event that youngsters find that individuals are not rewarding each other with consideration, regard and tolerance, kids are will undoubtedly follow their model. Youngsters and their turn of events and creative mind should be supported in the positive sense (Barac Bialystok, 2012). Significance of understanding kid conduct: It isn't phenomenal to comprehend that the children, little children and pre-schoolers are continually learning and they soak up propensities and ways of thinking any place they go. When the children begin getting around on their own they can become tornadoes of vitality and interest, learning and the rehearsing new aptitudes. There should be guardians and parental figures who give legitimate training to the little youngsters. The idea of understanding the system by which kids change and develop through the span of their initial years should be distinctly considered and comprehended. The manner by which kids change should be appropriately comprehended so as to decide the manner in which kids develop truly just as intellectually (Bornstein Bradley, 2014). End: Youth advancement is critical in deciding the manner by which an individual grows later on in their lives. The purposes behind the manner by which the youngsters think and carry on can be followed back to their youth conditions just as their condition. Guardians assume a definitive job in the improvement of their youngster. In the event that the individuals are included and give a supporting and rice condition they can make certain of contributing in a positive manner towards the improvement of their youngster. The human cerebrum is the most receptive in the initial scarcely any long periods of a people life. Consequently it is the commitment of the guardians and gatekeepers to ensure that the formative methods are fruitful and changing in the positive bond with their kid. The youth advancement is a critical issue which needs to pick up acknowledgment for the comprehension and consciousness of the way that the initial barely any long stretches of a childs life is critical. Youngsters are the capability of the general public and in this manner it is significant for each network to understand that legitimate advances should be taken to verify that every single kid is allowed to develop appropriately. References: Barac, R., Bialystok, E. (2012). Bilingual consequences for psychological and semantic turn of events: Role of language, social foundation, and education.Child development,83(2), 413-422. Bornstein, M. H., Bradley, R. H. (Eds.). (2014).Socioeconomic status, child rearing, and kid improvement. Routledge. David, T. G., Weinstein, C. S. (Eds.). (2013).Spaces for kids: The assembled condition and kid advancement. Springer Science Business Media. Gottfried, A. W. (Ed.). (2013).Home condition and early psychological turn of events: Longitudinal examination. Scholastic Press. Greenfield, P. M., Cocking, R. R. (Eds.). (2014).Cross-social underlying foundations of minority youngster advancement. Brain research Press. Groh, A. M., Roisman, G. I., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans?Kranenburg, M. J., Fearon, R. P. (2012). The noteworthiness of unreliable and disarranged connection for childrens disguising side effects: A meta?analytic study.Child development,83(2), 591-610. Masten, A. S. (2014). Worldwide points of view on strength in kids and youth.Child development,85(1), 6-20. Trawick-Smith, J. (2013).Early youth advancement: A multicultural viewpoint. Pearson Higher Ed.

Changes in the family essays

Changes in the family articles h Out of Australia's 4.6 million kids matured under eighteen, 1.1 million kids live with just one of their characteristic guardians, for the most part because of relationship or marriage breakdown. h 18 percent of kids were in one-parent families and 8 percent were in sync or mixed families. h by far most of kids, who had a characteristic parent living somewhere else, were in the sole consideration of the parent with whom they lived, while 3 percent of kids had guardians who shared consideration all the more uniformly between them. h Younger kids were probably going to visit the parent they didn't live with more regularly than more established kids. h 42 percent of families (199,200 one-parent families and 53,700 stage and mixed families) got money kid support from the other parent . h A further 16 percent of families got bolster, for example, attire, pocket cash and help with school charges. h 41 percent of families got no youngster support from the other parent. by and large, $100 or less every month per youngster. h For one-parent families, the middle pay for families accepting youngster support was $18,200, while for those not getting kid bolster it was $16,900. h For step and mixed couple families, the middle salary for families getting youngster support was $45,140, while for those not accepting kid bolster it was $37,440. The 1997 Family Characteristics Survey analyzed trades among youngsters and guardians who live separated, frequently as an outcome of marriage or relationship breakdown. While regulatory records of youngster bolster game plans are kept up by the Child Support Agency, this was the first occasion when that the ABS directed a national overview of kid backing and visiting courses of action. Data incorporates recurrence and length of contact between chi ... <!

Symptoms of PTSD After a Sexual Assault

Symptoms of PTSD After a Sexual Assault PTSD Causes Print Symptoms of PTSD After a Sexual Assault By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on September 28, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD on September 28, 2019 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children MixMike / Getty Images   The term sexual assault refers to a range of behaviors that involve unwanted sexual contact, such as sexual molestation or rape. Sexual assault is extremely common. Large surveys of people in the United States, for example, have found that as many as one-third of women will be sexually assaulted at some point in their lives. Survivors of childhood sexual assault have an increased likelihood of being assaulted again in adulthood. The experience of an attempted or completed rape can have a tremendous impact on a persons life. If you have been raped, it is important to pay attention to any subsequent changes in your thoughts or behavior, as they can greatly interfere with your ability to effectively function in different areas of your life. Psychological Changes As might be expected, a person who has been raped will generally experience high levels of distress immediately afterward. For example, rape may bring about strong feelings of shame, guilt, anxiety, fear, anger, and sadness. There is a stigma associated with rape which may further increase feelings of shame. These feelings may subside over time for some people; however, others will continue to experience some form of psychological distress for months or years.?? In addition, a rape survivor may develop symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).?? For example, nightmares or intrusive thoughts and memories may occur. They might feel as though they are always in danger or need to always be on guard, and may distrust other people. PTSD is not the only mental health disorder that may develop after a rape. It has also been found that rape survivors are at high risk for developing substance use disorders, major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and eating disorders. The risk for these disorders may be greater for people who have experienced a sexual assault at a younger age. Physical Health Problems A rape can bring on a number of chronic physical conditions. For example, women who have been raped have been found to be more likely to experience chronic pelvic pain, arthritis, digestive problems, chronic pain, non-epileptic seizures, and more intense premenstrual symptoms. This is not surprising given that traumatic events in general (as well as the development of PTSD) are connected with the development of a number of physical health problems. It is also possible for a person to contract a sexually transmitted disease during an attempted or completed rape, leading to other physical health problems. Not surprisingly, rape can also lead to reproductive health problems. A rape survivor may experience low sexual desire and reduced sexual behavior. If sexual activities are engaged in, they may not derive much satisfaction or pleasure from those activities and may experience pain, fear, or anxiety. Shame and guilt stemming from the rape can also interfere with the desire for and satisfaction from sex. Survivors of childhood sexual assault are likely to have more severe sexual problems. Penetration during the sexual assault will also increase the risk for more sexual problems.?? Unhealthy Behaviors Rape survivors often engage in risky sexual behaviors such as not using protection or having a greater number of sexual partners.?? In addition, in an attempt to cope with the intense unpleasant emotions that come from being raped, many people will develop substance use problems or other unhealthy behaviors (such as self-injury). They may go to great lengths to avoid situations that feel potentially dangerous and may shy away from television shows, newspaper articles, or conversations that discuss sexual assault.?? Treating Psychological and Behavior Problems For many rape survivors, these symptoms will subside over time. However, for some, these symptoms may linger and even get worse. Fortunately, there are treatments available that have been found to be very successful in lessening the number of negative symptoms that can develop after a rape. Two such treatments are exposure therapy and cognitive-processing therapy. You can find a therapist in your area who provides these treatments. In addition, social support and learning how to manage emotions in a healthy way can be very helpful. Finally, there are a number of helpful resources on the web for rape survivors. Two such websites are the Rape, Abuse, and Incest National Network and the National Sexual Violence Resource Center.

Essay about Stephen Crane and The Civil War - 1780 Words

Stephen Crane and The Civil War While merely speculative, some biographers claim that Crane began The Red Badge of Courage in response to a challenge made by an acquaintance urging him to write a war novel that exceeded the quality of Emile Zola’s Le dà ©bà ¢cle. Crane, shortly thereafter, undertook the task and researched various articles in Century magazine on battles and leaders in the Civil War. In several personal letters he writes of the process he underwent in producing the narrative and discusses his opinions and feelings in reference to the quality of his work. While he generally concedes to the positive opinions surrounding its reviews, he makes a conscious effort to refute the notion that The Red Badge of Courage is†¦show more content†¦Appleton Company. Crane, while frustrated with the publishing process, realized the necessity of the book’s success. Experiencing a time of high stress and personal struggle, The Red Badge of Courage became the answer to his problems. In se veral letters he comments on the process of writing the novel. To an editor of Leslie’s Weekly he wrote [about November, 1895]: I decided that the nearer a writer gets to life the greater he becomes as an artist, and most of my prose writings have been toward the goal partially described by that misunderstood and abused word, realism †¦ I’ve been a free lance during most of the time I have been doing literary work, writing stories and articles about anything under heaven that seemed to possess interest, and selling them wherever I could. It was hopeless work. Of all human lots for a person of sensibility that of an obscure free lance in literature or journalism is, I think, the most discouraging. It was during this period that I wrote The Red Badge of Courage. It was an effort born of pain—despair, almost; and I believe that this made it a better piece of literature than it otherwise would have been. It seems a pity that art should be a child of pain, and yet I think it is. Of course we have fine writers who are prosperous and contented, but in my opinion their work would be greater i f this were not so. It lacks the sting it would have if under the spurShow MoreRelatedEssay about Stephen Crane and The Civil War895 Words   |  4 PagesStephen Crane and The Civil War One year after the publication of The Red Badge of Courage Crane released a continuation to the narrative in the form of a short story.   â€Å"The Veteran† characterizes an elderly Henry Fleming who recalls his first exposure to the experience of war.   Of the battle he remembers, â€Å"That was at Chancellorsville† (Crane 529-531).   While Crane never explicitly states the name of the battle in The Red Badge, the incidents mentioned in â€Å"The Veteran† indicate that the protagonistRead MoreInfluences on Stephen Cranes The Red Badge of Courage1445 Words   |  6 Pageshave on the world. Stephen Crane was greatly impacted by the time period in which he lived. One such influence was the popular literary style of Realism. Realism is the trend in which literature is based on the true nature of everyday occurrences devoid of any fantasy or romance. It is the raw depiction of what life and society is actually like. This literary style can be found in man y of Stephen Crane’s novels. Religion also had a significant impact on the way Stephen Crane wrote his novels.Read MoreEssay on A Brief Biography on Stephen Crane1345 Words   |  6 PagesStephen Crane was one of America’s most influential nineteenth century writers of realism. He was credited for being a novelist, short-story-writer, poet, and journalist. He was born on November 1, 1871, in Newark, New Jersey, as Stephen Townley Crane. Stephen was the youngest sibling of fourteen children (â€Å"Stephen Crane Biography†). His writing inspiration came from his family. His mother dedicated her life to social concerns, while his father was a Methodist minister. Two of Crane’s brothersRead More The Red Badge of Courage: A Coming of Age Novel Essay1652 Words   |  7 Pagesagainst his own in a civil war. Many of the experiences and feelings are the same. Have you ever wondered what it is like being a solider? Have you ever wondered about a soldiers fe elings as he faces battle for the first time? Stephen Crane shows us in The Red Badge of Courage, a character, Henry Fleming, an average young recruit in the Civil War. Fleming comes to realize that when it comes to war what he expects is different from what he must come to except. Stephen Crane was born shortly afterRead MoreThe Red Badge of Courage by Stephen Crane1809 Words   |  7 PagesRED BADGE OF COURAGE BY STEPHEN CRANE â€Å"The Red Badge of Courage† written by Stephen THE Crane was a great example of the works that the author penned. Stephen Crane was born in New Jersey on November 1, 1871. Crane was the youngest of fourteen children and attend a few different preparatory schools and colleges before deciding that he wanted to be a journalist and an author. He wrote first of things that had happened in New York City, but once he decided for sure that this was what he wantedRead MoreCritical Review of The Red Badge of Courage1013 Words   |  5 PagesStephen Crane’s The Red Badge of Courage, talks about a young boy becoming a man, through the ways of war. In the story Henry joins the war in search of adventure and courageousness. Henry comes face to face with new friends and foes in the story, along with looking death in the eye on more than one occasion. Stephen Crane does an excellent job in writing this book. After reading this story one general stated that â€Å"he recalle d fighting in the war with Crane† (Overview). On November 1, 1871 StephenRead MoreThe Civil War : America s Historical Consciousness1401 Words   |  6 Pagesone that stands out the most in the bloody history that is American war, is the Civil War; but what is the Civil War? Dr. James McPherson, in his article entitled â€Å"A Brief Overview of the American Civil War,† states that, â€Å"The Civil War is the central event in America s historical consciousness. While the Revolution of 1776-1783 created the United States, the Civil War of 1861-1865 determined what kind of nation it would be. The war resolved two fundamental questions left unresolved by the revolution:Read MoreA Critique Of Stephen Cranes Use Of Symbolism In Red Badge Of Courage And An Episode Of War1194 Words   |  5 Pages(A critique of Stephen Crane’s use of symbolism in Red Badge of Courage and An Episode of War) A tortured man who wrote beautifully tortured tales, Edgar Allan Poe, wrote in his one and only novel, â€Å"...words have no power to impress the mind without the exquisite horror of their reality†. No writer creates reality better than Stephen Crane (1871 -1900). Crane is greatly commended for his naturalistic style of writing, which has the goal of writing the most realistic representation of events withRead More The Red Badge Of Courage -- Essay847 Words   |  4 Pages The Red Badge of Courage Time Period The Civil War officially started in 1861, yet problems between the North and the South date back as far as the early 1830s. The North was infuriated over slavery after a woman by the name of Harriet Beecher Stowe published her book Uncle Toms Cabin. Stowes book analyzed the life of a slave in an astonishing and realistic way. It caused many people to join the Union. Then the war began in July of 1861 when a Confederate army met with a Federal army at ManassenRead More Stephen Crane Essay666 Words   |  3 Pages amp;#9;Stephen Crane was one of the United States foremost naturalists in the late 1800’s (amp;quot;Stephenamp;quot; n.p.). He depicted the human mind in a way that few others have been capable of doing while examining his own beliefs. Crane was so dedicated to his beliefs that one should write about only what they personally experience that he lived in a self-imposed poverty for part of his life to spur on his writings (Colvert, 12:108). Crane’s contribution to American Literature is larger

Abraham Lincoln And The Civil War - 1283 Words

The American Civil War was the bloodiest war in American history, and the impact was felt on many levels. Various estimates put the deaths during the Civil War at between 600,000 and 700,000. The last figure is the result of better research of existing death records and casualty lists (Isenhour). In order to understand the complexity of the Civil War, one must understand Abraham Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln was elected in 1860 (History 1). He was elected as the 16th president (History 1). After Lincoln was elected, the South was vehemently opposed to him. Lincoln had campaigned on an anti slavery platform, which the South could not accept. The opposition was so extreme that Lincoln had to make the last part of his trip from Springfield Illinois through Baltimore Maryland in disguise because of the anti Lincoln riots in Baltimore. Several months after Abraham Lincoln was elected, multiple states seceded from the Union. South Carolina secedes, followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas (History 1). South Carolina seceded primarily because of the election of Abraham Lincoln by the Black Republican Party which had campaigned on the elimination of slavery within the United States. This applied to both the states where slavery already had existed and, any future states entering the Union. The right of the states to determine their own destiny was also a significant factor. The rest of the South followed suit with South Carolina, based on theShow MoreRelatedAbraham Lincoln And The Civil War956 Words   |  4 Pages Out of the first sixteenth president, Abraham Lincoln was the first president who created foundation about ending slaves in America via his Emancipation of Proclamation. Lincoln was also a strong supporter for Homestead Act and The Pacific Railway Act, which became an essential law for American economics. Furthermore, 13th Amendment was Lincoln top priority in legislation after he was reelected as the President. President Abraham Lincoln truly became one of the greatest presidents via these achievementsRead MoreAbraham Lincoln And The Civil War1095 Words   |  5 Pages1861 Abraham Lincoln became the sixteen president of the United States. He had the Proclamation of declaring forever to free slaves within the Confederacy in the year 1863. Lincoln directly told the South In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The government will not assail you.... You have no oath registered in Heaven to destroy the government, while I shall have the most solemn one to preserve, protect and defend it. Lincoln wasRead MoreAbraham Lincoln And The Civil War1183 Words   |  5 PagesAbraham Lincoln Lizzy Cook HIS 103 17 November 2015 Before the Emancipation Proclamation was passed, the Civil War had been going on for two years. UNION VICTORIES The Emancipation Proclamation was signed on September 22, 1862, but it did not take effect until January 1, 1863 (Emancipation Proclamation 1863). This took place during the Civil War, which was fought between the Union States and the Confederate States of America. The Emancipation Proclamation did not free the slaves, becauseRead MoreAbraham Lincoln And The Civil War944 Words   |  4 PagesIn the mid-1800s, in the second Inaugural Address of Abraham Lincoln, Lincoln identified the civil war as religious war: it is a will of God. He stated, God â€Å"gives to both North and South this terrible war as the woe†; therefore, â€Å"with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in† (Lincoln). Opposite to Douglas ideas that slavery is natural, secular, and constitutional right, Lincoln asserted anti-slavery, linked to Evangelical ProtestantismRead MoreAbraham Lincoln And The Civil War Essay1903 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction The Civil War was a war between the union, and confederate states in the United States that occurred from 1861-1865. Many people believed that the Civil War was about slavery and southern states right to defend their states’ rights. The confederates were fighting for their liberty and independence under the leadership of Abraham Lincoln, who they felt was a tyrant. However, the union, was fighting to preserve their territory, that was created by their founding fathers from chaos andRead MoreAbraham Lincoln: Civil War2003 Words   |  9 PagesAugust 2010 SPEAKER | Abraham Lincoln was the sixteenth president of the United States of America and he help office during the Civil War. During the Civil War, the North and South split into two sides – the Union in the north led by president Lincoln and the Confederacy in the south led by president Davis. Originally, the Civil War was not an attempt by Lincoln to abolish slavery and emancipate the slaves, but to preserve and protect the Union, but later Lincoln decided that ending slaveryRead MoreAbraham Lincoln And The American Civil War1758 Words   |  8 Pagesresource (http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/president-lincoln-dies) Abraham Lincoln our 16th president of the Unite States of America was fatally shot on April 14, 1865 in the back of the head in the Presidential box at Ford’s Theater in Washington D.C. but, actually passed away at 7:22 a.m. the next day. Lincoln was taken to a home across the street, where he died, from the bullet wound he inflicted the night before. Lincoln survived nine hours after his assassination took place making himRead MoreAbraham Lincoln And The American Civil War1322 Words   |  6 Pagesaccredited to Abraham Lincoln, but he was not always the complete abolitionist as he is commonly portrayed. The â€Å"house divided†, as Lincoln depicted it in his famous â€Å"House Divided† speech, of the United States during the Civil War was not always led towards the freedom of all mankind and there is sufficient evidence to support this claim. The sixteenth president of the United States is most commonly remembered for inducing the courage and determination to end the American Civil War with the EmancipationRead MoreAbraham Lincoln : The American Civil War1756 Words   |  8 PagesAbraham Lincoln is often regarded as a resilient individual who triumphed over adversity during one of the most turbulent times in Unites States history: the American Civil War. Traits that are often attributed to him are h onesty, charisma, a silver tongue, and a sense of equality. Lincoln achieved notoriety not only with his exceptional delivery of famous speeches, such as the Lincoln-Douglas debates, but also with the lesser known interactions, conversations and daily activities with common peopleRead MoreCompare And Contrast Abraham Lincoln And The Civil War835 Words   |  4 PagesIn order to understand the American Civil War, one must know more about the leaders who controlled both sides. As many Americans know, Abraham Lincoln participated in the command of troops on the Northern side of the conflict. On the Southern side, a very influential leader was also present; Nathan Bedford Forrest was a well-known general in the South and was renowned for his brilliant tactics in combat. One is known as the great emancipator of the slaves, the other, as the first leader of the Ku

The Scarlet Letter Creative Assignment Paper Free Essays

Various Hester Prynne Diary Entries June 14th, 1641 This morning I awake in the prison, waiting for guards to take me to the market place. Pearl and my fate will be decided very soon and I am shaking with anxiety. What will become of us? Will it be that the people see the need of the death punishment? Perhaps they will take dear Pearl away from me! Oh I am trembling with fear. We will write a custom essay sample on The Scarlet Letter Creative Assignment Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Pearl is sleeping in the corner and she is the most beautiful sight I’ve seen. Here comes the guards†¦ I pray to the father that Pearl and I can live through tonight. Hester Prynne June 16th, 1641 I have been sentenced to 3 hours on the scaffold while the whole town gawked and spoke gossip about me. I also must wear the mark of the Scarlet Letter upon my breast for the rest of my life. The day of the sentence, I saw Roger in the crowd†¦ Oh the poor man, what have I done! He visited me yesterday in the prison as well. I was wary that he was going to hurt Pearl or myself. He sure is itching for some revenge from the father. I didn’t disclose who it was but he seemed pretty intent on finding out himself. Oh I pray he never finds out. In the meanwhile, I will be living on the edge of the forest doing various needlework jobs for people in order to keep my head above water. Hester Prynne August 3rd, 1641 Pearl becomes more brilliant each day. Often times I think about her name and how much it means to me. â€Å"Pearl†, as in bought with a great price – my only treasure. With such a sin that I committed, I was given such a lovely child whom I adore with every ounce of my heart. I make sure that I dress Pearl in majestic and ornamented clothing. She radiates love and beauty wherever she is. Once of the first things Pearl really noticed in this world, was the dreaded letter. Why must she be so intrigued by this symbol of pain that I must bear? Hester Prynne March 25th, 1642 Today Pearl and I took a trip to the Governor’s Hall. The mansion was furnished so fancy and ornately. Colorful tapestries hung on the walls as well as portraits and armor and mirrors. The governor questioned whether I was capable of raising a child with all that I have done. I told him I would teach Pearl everything I have learned by wearing the Scarlet Letter and that it would be sufficient. When Pearl told them that I plucked her off of a rose-bush, it did not help their consciousness. I pleaded my case over and over and finally Mr. Dimmesdale came to my rescue. I knew he would stick up for me considering the circumstances†¦ All that matters is I’m back home tonight with Pearl. Hester Prynne June 7th, 1648 I cannot bear to stand what Roger is doing to Dimmesdale. He is mentally and emotionally destroying the man. Oh the guilt, and sorrow that must plague him. I have escaped this easily. I have been forward about the sin on my part. Whereas he must pretend nothing has ever happened and let it eat away at his consciousness. Oh the poor man. I wish I could do something to help! Hester Prynne July 18th, 1648 Dimmesdale is looking worse and worse. I ran into him in the woods today by the brook. We’ve concluded that we should run away. We could start a new life back in London and wash away all remnants of this life. We could change our names, and I could dispose of this letter. I will start to make plans. I really hope Pearl warms up to him. The girl knows nothing but her mother and the letter. She was mighty apprehensive when I took the letter off today. It’s such a shame she finds comfort in that, for it felt like a huge weight was lifted off my shoulder. She will warm up to him and me, I know it. Hester Prynne How to cite The Scarlet Letter Creative Assignment Paper, Papers

Catcher In The Rye Essay Hook Example For Students

Catcher In The Rye Essay Hook In The Catcher in the Rye, Holden views the world as an evil and corrupt placewhere there is no peace. This perception of the world does not changesignificantly through the novel. However as the novel progresses, Holdengradually comes to the realization that he is powerless to change this. Duringthe short period of Holdens life covered in this book, Holden doessucceed in making us believe that the world is crazy. Shortly after Holdenleaves Pencey Prep he checks in to the EdmontHotel. This is where Holdensturmoil begins. Holden spends the following evening in this hotel which wasfull of perverts and morons. (There were) screwballs all over theplace. His situation only deteriorates from this point on as the more helooks around this world, the more depressing life seems. Around every cornerHolden sees evil. He looks out on a world, which appears completely immoral. Thethree days we learn of from the novel place a distressed Holden in the are ofManhattan. The city is decked with decorati ons and holiday splendor, yet, muchto Holdens despair seldom yields any occasions of peace, charity or evengenuine merriment. Holden is surrounded by what he views as drunks,perverts, morons and screwballs. These convictions which Holden holds waver verymomentarily during only one particular scene in the book. The scene is that withMr. Antolini. After Mr. Antolini patted Holden on the head while he wassleeping, Holden jumped up and ran out thinking that Mr. Antolini was a pervertas well. This is the only time during the novel where Holden thinks twice aboutconsidering someone as a pervert. After reviewing Mr. Antolini, Holden finallyconcludes that maybe he wasnt making a flirty pass at him. Maybe hejust like patting guys heads as they sleep. This is really the only time in thenovel where Holden actually considers a positive side. This event does notconstitute a significant change. As Holden himself says, Its not too badwhen the suns out, but the sun only comes out when it feels like coming out. The sun of course is a reference to decency through the common associationof light and goodness. His perception of the world remains the same. The oneconviction that does change during the novel is Holdens belief that he canchange the world. On his date with Sally, Holden reveals his feelings. Didyou ever get fed up? I mean did you ever get scared that everything was goingto go lousy unless you did somethingHolden goes through several plans. Holden at one point contemplates heading out west where he will pretend to be adeaf-mute and live a quiet life. At another point Holden proposes to Sally toescape this world with him. It is finally to his younger sister Phoebe thatHolden reveals his ultimate plan. Although Holden describes the situation in avery picturesque and symbolic manner he essentially tells Phoebe that he wantsto prevent children from growing up. He blames the worlds corruption on adultsand believes that when he stops the children from growing up he will preservetheir innocence and save the world. It takes most of the book before Holdenbegins to realize that he is helpless to stop this corruption. Finally, herealizes that not only is there nothing that he can do, but there is nowhere hecan go to hide from it. Holden takes awhile to comprehend these concepts. Onegood example is when Holden is delivering the note to his sister. He encountersa *censored*-you written on the wall. Holden careful rubs this offwith h is hand so as to protect the innocent children from reading it. Later onhe finds *censored*-you scratched into the surface with a knife. Hediscovers that he cant efface this one. Even in the timeless peace of theEgyptian tomb room at the museum there is an un-erasable*censored*-you. This incident is the beginning of Holdensrealization that his dreams are infeasible. Strangely enough, it is one of theinnocent children that he is trying to protect who helps him come toterms with this realization. It is Phoebe who challenges his plan to escape outwest. As he is telling Phoebe that she can not run away, he discovers that hetoo can not run away. You cant ever find a place that is nice andpeaceful, because there isnt any. The final break down comes near theend of the book when he is

AUSCHWITZ essays

AUSCHWITZ essays In the beginning the Jews were murdered in mass shootings on the Russian front. This method of extermination was very difficult on the soldiers, and far to public to the civilians. This was then the beginning. In 1941 for the plan to carry out their mass killing of the Jews at Auschwitz. Once this decision had been reached to kill all the Jews of Europe, a more discreet method of extermination had to be devised. Witnesses had later accounted that even the first commandant of Auschwitz Rudolf Hoess said that they needed a more humane and rational method for this mass killing. So late in the summer of 1941 the order was made that Auschwitz would be used for this purpose. There were six extermination factories located in Poland, many people were killed at the first death camps, but the largest camp was Auschwitz between January 1942 and November 1944 it was estimated to have exterminated 1,250,000 Jews. Auschwitz was a complex of camps, combining the different types of labor, internment and extermination. Auschwitz was a concentration center, and the most notorious of all the death camps. The Jews who were taken to Auschwitz came from many countries, Holland, Greece, Germany, Poland, Russia, France, Belgium, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Norway, Austria, Slovakia, Croatia, Italy and Yugolslavia. These victims, were unaware of their fate, and endured the indescribable torment of long rail journeys, during which they were crowded into cattle trucks and deprived of air, food and water. These journeys caused many to die just from the conditions, from suffocation and dehydration. As they would arrive at Auschwitz, the majority were tricked into taking showers or sometimes had to be driven with whips like slaves, into chambers, once naked inside these rooms, the doors were bolted and they were poisoned by hydrogen cyanide gas (Zyclon B.) All over Nazi-occupied Europe there were round-ups o ...

Sun Also Rises essays

Sun Also Rises essays Ernest Hemingway is a famous American writer of the 1920s. During this time he wrote The Sun Also Rises. The 1920s was the time of The Lost Generation. The Lost Generation was a group of writers during the 1920s who moved to Europe to escape the emotional emptiness of the United States. In The Lost Generation people are blinded by fear more than anything and they only think about their selves. In order for people to love or have feelings for someone else they need to have love for their self. Robert is a character of The Sun Also Rises, who is part of The Lost Generation, because he is so dependent on others. Hello, Robert, I said. Did you come in to cheer me up? Would you like to go to South America, Jake? he asked. No. Why not? (Hemingway 17). Robert has desire to go and do many things but is scared to go alone. Since Jake wont go with him, Robert wont go at all. Robert is so lost that he cant even take life on by himself. He loved to win at tennis. He probably loved to win as much as Lenglen, for instance. On the other hand, he was not angry at being beaten. When he fell in love with Brett his tennis game went all to pieces. People beat him who had never has a chance with him. He was very nice about it (Hemingway, 52). Robert becomes very dependent on women as soon as he falls in love. Although, as soon as Robert falls in love, he falls apart. Robert is so lost that he cant even be his own person without others affecting him. I started off walking with Brett, but Robert Cohn came up and joined her on the other side (141). Robert is now so clueless to the fact that Brett wants nothing to do with him. He is so dependent on others that he can hardly ever be alone. Robert is so lost in the sense that Brett was just using him for a vacation to San Sebast ...

E-business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

E-business - Essay Example The development of the websites is conducted to suit separate business needs pertaining to online applications. The website developers plan out the structural patterns of the website through maintaining a collaborative interaction with other potential departments of the company pertaining to the marketing, sales and operational sectors. Designing of the websites is done to help the business achieve both short and long term business goals through the optimum utilisation of the existing organisational resources. Again in terms of development of the website content the developers are required to have an open eye to the change dynamics in both the external and internal business sphere. This focusing on the change aspects helps the developers in continuously updating the contents posted to help in generating potential information to the large range of customers. Designing of website structures and contents also requires the web developers to conduct a total survey of external market condi tions so as to render attractive features in the page developed. Innovation and sophistication enabled in the webpage developed helps the products and services of the business concern to stand apart from its potential competitors in drawing more number of consumers. The codes developed for designing the websites thus must be continuously reviewed against the changes made in business policies and objectives to render enhanced productivity in such. Through working in a collaborative business sphere with large number of market research and business expert large amounts of potential data can also be collected to evaluate the potential of rendering such changes in the web portal (Taylor, Parish & Fiden, 2007,p.63-64). Development of the contents of the website to satisfy the needs of

Business and Employment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business and Employment Law - Essay Example it is the EEC (now known as the EU) that has had the most significance, particularly for law†2. Elliot further comments that in addition to the economic objectives, â€Å"it is intended that there should be increasing political unity, though there is some disagreement – particularly, though not exclusively in Britain – as to how far this should go†3. It is submitted that economic integration and the policy making of the EU is inherently dependent on legislation and therefore a central issue of importance is the ability of the EU institutional framework to effectively implement and regulate EU economic objectives at national level4. As an initial observation, Baimbridge and Whyman posit that the organisational model of the EU with the roles of the Commission, European Parliament and the European Court of Justice is its inherent weakness in achieving EU harmonisation5. In supporting this argument, they refer to the EU regulatory model as the democratic deficit of the EU framework â€Å"in terms of direct influence afforded to European citizens over the decision making process of the principle institutions†6. As such, the institutional framework clearly lends itself to conflict with the national political framework of member states. The focus of this paper is to critically evaluate the impact of European Union and EC law on the UK and business. Whilst the sheer complexity of multifarious issues raised by the impact of EC law and EU institutional policy making on the UK is outside the remit of this paper, in evaluating the issue this paper will focus on the policy initiatives of the EU, impact of legislation and undertake a contextual evaluation of the impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 (â€Å"HRA†). The tension between European Community law (EC) and national law is arguably the most debated topic of constitutional law7. The convention of Parliamentary supremacy is rooted within the British constitution as a fundamental limb of the separation of powers

Micheal Dell Transformational Leadership

Micheal Dell Transformational Leadership Milestones Michael Dell is the founder and CEO of Dell computer corporation that is the worlds largest direct computer company. He is also the youngest person ever to head a Fortune 500 firm.   Michael Dell founded DELL in 1984, and currently serves as the chairman of the Board of Directors and chief executive officer. In 1998, Mr. Dell formed MSD Capital, and he currently serves on the boards of several organizations including the Foundation Board of the World Economic Forum, the executive committee of the International Business Council and is a member of the U.S. Business Council, the U.S. Presidents Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, the Technology CEO Council and the governing board of the Indian School of Business in Hyderabad, India. His Skills 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Visionary Micheal Dell saw great opportunity to provide computing technology in a more efficient way. That was the core idea of what became Dell Computer Corporation. He started the business with a simple question How can we make the process of buying a computer better? 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Internal Locus of control and Ability to Learn One of the first things I learned, though, was that there was a relationship between screwing up and learning: the more mistakes I made, the faster I learned. Micheal Dell 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Change-Oriented Behavior Micheal Dell did care for neither only people nor only task, he cared for both. He did not build the business solely on cost or price but also on a sustainable advantage. He cared most for sustaining loyalty among customers and employees, which, as he thought, could only be derived from having the highest level of service and very high-performing products engaging the entire company – from manufacturing to engineering to sales and to support staff – in the process of understanding customer requirements which then became a permanent focus of management energy, training, and employee education. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Downward Consultation Micheal Dell practiced downward consultation; he always gathered opinions about What is the right plan? where believed that its the one that helps identify what DELL needs to do to ensure success. Its the one that rallies DELL employees around a few common goals – and motivates them to achieve those goals. Its one that involves your customers goals and DELLs suppliers goals and brings them all together in a unified focus. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Develop and train People             Micheal Dell knew that employees at every level can help DELL implement its company strategy and achieve goals beyond their immediate area of responsibility, but only if DELL is genuinely devoted to their long-term growth and development.   6.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Action Oriented Leader Micheal Dell believed that planning is nothing without execution. He thought respected planning but yet believed that outputs is what generates profits. What Made Micheal Dell a Successful Leader He knew his goal clearly and steadly focused on it. When he was in college, Michael Dell stated that he wanted to beat IBM. In the following years, he started his own business and constantly achieved his goal no matter what difficulties he faced .Today, Dell Company revenues are about $ 7.8 billion a year. He has passed IBM in annual sales, and is approaching industry leader Compaq. INNOVATOR he was fond of doing something new and took risks. He worked hard to make them work. He also cherished difference and thought difference can breed innovation. He hired a diverse work force in his teams with different views on problems. He has full responsibility either for business or for family and keeps good BALANCES between work and life. He worked hard to create great value for customers, employees and shareholders. He spent his spare time with his wife and kids and wanted to be a great dad and a great husband. Every day he drives his kids to school .he always makes pancakes for his kids. Michael Dell has a powerful vision for the future and develops unique businesss philosophy. He wants his company to have a supreme speed to market; a solid dedication to customer service; a severe assurance of producing high-quality, low-priced, custom-made machines. essential change of his leadership composition In the hyper market competition, Dell realized that he didn’t have all the right skills to change his company into a multi-product, multi-geography. And since he couldn’t manage alone, he should bring in the talent he needed. So, Dell made a decision that he will share his power with his long time partner Kevin Rollins. He developed a new leadership model one company, two CEO’s. Although this co-CEO involved a lot of leadership risks, fortunately, they have done well although they had lots of differences. Micheal Dell Leadership Style His leadership style belongs to transformational leadership because he has a strong ability and desire to break up laws and to change situation completely, and he also has ability to create something new and benefit himself and others. Leadership is about coping with changes. More change always demands more leadership. And since the computer industry field is surrounded with volatile competition, leaders couldnt cope with complexity and change very well, they would go bankruptcy. Fortunately, through his transformational leadership, the company can keep up with the changes of the market, and make more and more progress. He started with nothing , but built a empire and created a fantastic wealth for millions of people. He led his team to create a lot of pioneering activities in the computer industry. He created a low cost, mail order model to sell computers, and helped more and more people realize the power of computing and the internet; he has a good self conscious of his disadvantages, and he knows what he doesnt know. He has a strong moral responsibility for business and family, and keeps a good balance between life and work. He created a new image of young entrepreneur. Lessons Learned A successful leader must have clear goal and powerful vision for the future. He must use his entrepreneur personality to motivate people, communicate with them and influence his followers. He should be able to transform his personal goal and vision into all followers practice. A successful leader must be an innovator. He must be a flexible open mided person who respects difference and encourage his followers to have different ideas and different solutions.   He should have ability to handle change and extract opportunities from it. A successful leader must be courageous; he should have courage to take risks of doing new things and should be eager to pioneer in his field. A successful leader must have strong self conscious. He must admit and identify what he doesnt know and face it. He should learn from mistakes and acquire talents he needs. A successful leader must have high ethical responsibility for both business and private life. He should keep good balance among them. The vision makes Dell computer successful and unique in the world. What is more, Micheal Dell knows how to use the vision to communicate and motivate his employees and get people excited about what he is doing. Dell says   A lot of businesses get off track because they don’t communicate an excitement References http://successfulbusinessleadership.ibc01.com/index.php/learn-from-the-best/michael-dell/ http://www.evancarmichael.com/Famous-Entrepreneurs/646/summary.php http://wyx.cueb.edu.cn/download/disance/unit3/Michael%20Dell.htm

Law unit

Consultation- this is your first stage where you have to get different opinions from other people about what they think about the law that you want to introduce. You can do this by creating a survey, questionnaire, asking people face to face etc. If you get you get positive or negative feedback then you can go through to the next stage which is the green paper.Green paper- this is the second stage, where you produce your draft and its being hacked to see if it's suitable enough to be presented to the Members of Parliament White paper- when your bill becomes a white paper it means that it Is suitable to be presented to the public and the members of parliament. You'll then go to the next stage which is the first reading. First reading- this is when all the members of the parliament and the public get together in a court and you present your bill to all of them. Second reading- this can be days after your first reading.In the second reading you'll o In to more detail explaining why you want your bill to be officially made a law. You'll list both the disadvantages and the advantages of the bill. Committee- after your second reading the committee will get together and discuss your bill. They will be located in a room where they have privacy and are able to discuss without any Interference. 1 OFF including the members of parliament and the public and you. The committee will give back feedback to what they think about your bill. Third reading- throughout the presentation your bill might be changed a few times.This is where you present your bill for last and final time. The last vote is taken here, that decide whether your bill is officially a law. Other house (depending where it started of – this is where your bill gets send to the other house depending where it started off. Royal assent- When both houses agree on the bill you've presented and its then sends off to the queen so that can give a royal assent to make your bill and official law. Public and private bills: Private bills- are laws that are passed and only affect a few individuals or reparations.They don't affect the whole community that's why they are known as Private Bills. Private members Bill- These can be sponsored by individual MSP. When presenting a Private Bill all members of the Parliament get together. Normally there will be about 20 members of parliament. They all take turns presenting a Bill to the Parliament. There is a time limit for present a Private Bill. The debate takes place on Fridays so that other members of the Parliament get the chance to present the selected Bill.Public bills- this is laws that are passed and affects the whole country or partly of it. Majority of the Government bills. Fall under: Reform Act 2005, the Legal Service Reform Act 2007 and the Coroners and Justice Act 2009. Doctrine of Parliamentary Supremacy- the Parliament is only allowed to pass laws that can be changed in the future by Parliaments. No other body can overrule the Parliament. The Parliament is known as the I-J constitution. It can make or end a law. It's seen as the highest supreme legal authority.

Gps Based Train Tracking

GPS/GSM based train tracking system – utilizing mobile networks to support public transportation. Dileepa Jayakody, Mananu Gunawardana, Nipuna Wicrama Surendra, Dayan Gayasri Jayasekara, Chanaka Upendra, Supervisor, Rangana De Silva Abstract : The paper presents a solution implemented at Sri Lanka, to provide an intelligent train tracking and management system to improve the existing railway transport service.The solution is based on powerful combination of mobile computing, Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), Global Positioning System (GPS), Geographical Information System (GIS) technologies and software. The in-built GPS module identifies the train location with a highest accuracy and transfers the information to the central system via GSM. The availability of this information allows the Train Controller to take accurate decisions as for the train location. Location data can be further processed to provide visual positioning using maps granting a wholesome view on train location.Positioning data along with train speed helps the administration to identify the possible safety issues and react to them effectively using the communication methods provided by the system. Additionally, the location information can be used to facilitate accurate scheduling with regard to train arrival and departure on each station. Introduction Rapid growth in the field of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is a worldwide phenomenon experienced today. Emergence of wireless and mobile technologies plays a key role in the global ICT boost, unfolding a new era of communication technology.Global private sector was the first to explore the endless opportunities and potential of wireless technologies, by redesigning the business processes with the integration of latest wireless and mobile technologies to have the competitive advantage in the business world. Today, the ability to achieve organization’s goals depends purely on the availability, accuracy an d reliability of the information. Governments worldwide have also recognized the high potential in the ICT sector and are using it as a core instrument to facilitate government processes and functions with the goal of uplifting the current standards of living of the society.Governments today are inspired by the concepts like eGovernment and mGoverment where governments are driven by the innovative and intelligent use of ICT as a service provider for government activities and distribution of public information. ICT combined with latest mobile and wireless technologies can be used effectively to streamline government activities and public service delivery process to improve productivity and drastically reduce capital expenditure, time and effort. Many governments have identified potential areas to be developed via the effective implementation of ICT based solutions that will meet the demands of the future world.The transportation infrastructure is one such area, which can be improved to provide an efficient, dependable and safe service to the general public with the integration of advanced communication technology. Appropriate adoption of technology would assist seamless administration of resources that would positively impact the country’s economy. The railway services in Sri Lanka are rendered by the Sri Lanka railways Department, which is wholly owned by the public sector of the country. The government is seeking methods to improve the efficiency of this service with the main objective of providing a better service to the train commuters.However, the effort of the government is constrained by the lack of funding and inappropriateness of the current solutions. But the development of ICT has revealed many options to uplift the railway service at a lower cost. Accurate train positioning has been a fundamental requirement to improve the efficiency of the service. The current switch based train-tracking system used by Sri Lanka Railways (SLR) supports the t rain controllers to manage the train operation by providing the train’s location. The location data provided by this system lacks in dependability.Furthermore, the maintenance of the system accounts to a large portion of total cost incurred on the railway service. Majority of these systems (especially outside the Colombo Suburban Area) offers low accuracy in terms of indicating the location of a train to the Train Controllers. Installing the systems, which can accurately provide such readings are really expensive and the total cost of ownership is unbearable for SLR. The train safety has been an issue with the increasing number of incidents being reported that has caused death and injury.Majority of deaths on the railway involve third parties with the incursion onto the level crossings. Average train accident would cost millions of Sri Lankan rupees and these can be avoided if there is a mechanism to track the train location and speed and warn the locomotive drivers about pos sible safety issues. Additionally, the train commuters also face difficulties due to frequent train delays, as the administration is unable to provide accurate schedules based on train’s location and speed.The solution is a comprehensive GPS/GSM based train tracking system, which provides accurate, dependable and timely information to the controller. The inbuilt GPS module identifies the train location with a highest accuracy and transfers the information to the central system via GSM. The availability of this information allows the Train Controller to take accurate decisions as for the train location. Location data can be further processed to provide visual positioning using maps granting a wholesome view on train location.Positioning data along with train speed helps the administration to identify the possible safety issues and react to them effectively using the communication methods provided by the system. Additionally, the location information can be used to facilitate a ccurate scheduling with regard to train arrival and departure on each station. This information can also be made available for the commuters to identify any train delay in advance making this service more reliable. Railway services in Sri Lanka The Sri express, Lanka Railways Department provides long distance and intercity Colombo commuter, parcel and mail, freight and provision of special harter trains. This accounts to a provision of services to 105 million passengers and transfer of 1. 6 Million metric tonnes of freight per annum. The railways are a vital part of the country's transport infrastructure. As the economy grows, demand for efficient transport services increases, which the rail industry has an important role to play in meeting. The rail industry is making progress in increasing the number of passengers carried, as well as its share of the freight market, and in improving its customer focus and its levels of performance and safety.Railway Today In 2008, railway losses a mounted to LKR 4,553 million and state bus transport losses amounted to LKR 3,554 million, giving a total of LKR 8,107 million losses on state transport. This is not just a one- time phenomenon, but has been the trend for the last few decades. The total losses from the railway alone since 1999 have been LKR 28,052 million. That means, on average, the railway lost LKR 234 million every month over the past ten years; or, to make it even more graphic, LKR 7. 79 million every single day for the last ten years [1].This depicts the current state of the railways system in Sri Lanka as for the efficiency and general acceptance of the service. Reliability matters to the railway’s customers and to the economy at large. Train delay, a common phenomenon in Sri Lanka is considered to be inevitable and an acceptable scenario. A train delay might wary from 15mins to many hours. There are occasions where this has caused disputes among the commuters and the administration but the problem stil l remains unresolved. Railways department maintains a fixed schedule on train arrival and departure but does not pre-update based on potential delays.As a result the commuters face many problems and waste time and energy that can be used more productively. The provision of safe and reliable services is a fundamental requirement of the railway as thousands rely on this service as their prime mode of transportation. The railway accidents accounts to death, injury and a large cost to the government. Most of the accidents are in form of derailments, which occur infrequently but have the potential to result in a large number of casualties. The most significant contributors of these accidents involve track and signaling faults.Lack of communication between the controllers and the drivers might prevent the preliminary precautionary actions being taken to avoid such accidents. Additionally, the danger relies on the fact that there would be no mechanism to identify the potential safety issue s as for the unawareness of trains speed and location. The railways department has set itself several objectives to address this situation through a quantitative improvement of its services. It is planned to increase railway share of passenger transport from percent 5% to 10% and Modal share of freight transport from 2% to 10% by 2010[2].Additionally, the department has identified the importance of improving the safety and efficiency of the service and has set the following objectives in its strategic plan; †¢ Improve cleanliness & quality of coachers / stations †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Reduce train delays by 25 % and accidents/ derailment by 50% Remove all speed restrictions less than 8 Km Ph Establish management structure based on performance evaluation and monitoring process Enhance the percentage of efficiency Put in place a methodology for utilization of public funds corresponding to specific services to make the present negative contribution in to a positiv e oneThere’re several constraints that needs to be addressed in order to achieve these objectives as this might even require complete reengineering of certain technological aspects of the current system. The main constraint of course is the lack of funding. Railways are suffering from historic under-investment stretching back for decades that could be assumed to be so for the foreseeable future as well. However, it’s possible to develop effective solution that is economically feasible to the government. This would only be possible with the appropriate introduction of new technological solutions that achieve both performance and cost goals.Provisions for the future Setting objectives won’t be adequate for the development of the railway service in Sri Lanka. There should be effective and appropriate steps taken with a vision on addressing future demands and expansion. These steps should involve further planning, extensive designing, implementation of solutions and maintaining such systems in order to sustain the service. There are several potential steps that can be taken in order to address most of the aforementioned issues associated with the railway service that in turn would assist the Railways department in achieving its strategic goals.Improving Safety The Railway department of Sri Lanka carries about 150 million passengers per annum and the safety of such service can never be taken for granted. Passengers are entitled to expect to travel in safety throughout their journey and the government should be committed to protect the passengers and employers form any safety issue that might rise during the journey. Effective safety planning requires a detailed understanding of key risk areas; the activities or circumstances where the safety risk to passengers, the workforce and the public is greatest.This allows resources and effort to be concentrated where they will have the greatest impact. Following are the main security issues identified i n Sri Lanka; †¢ †¢ Infrastructure engineering issues – derailment, signaling, points and crossings Public behavior – Assault, objects on line, objects thrown at trains, accidents at level crossings †¢ †¢ Passenger behavior – Struck against fixed objects, falling from train in running Workforce issues – maintenance error, control errors The main safety issues are in the form of accidents that mostly involve third parties other than the passengers and the employers.However, infrastructure safety threats and workforce issues accounts to a considerable amount identified in Sri Lanka. Most of the infrastructure issues are associated with signaling and accident. This can be addressed by developing a communication channel between the train and the control center. The control center should be able to identify the train’s location and speed to recognize possible safety threats; such as collision domains, speeding and noncompliance to sig nals. The control center should also be able to notify the locomotive drivers of the security threat.This will allow the drivers to avoid or at least minimize the harmful consequences. New system-management technology combined with accurate knowledge of train position will give the opportunity to present drivers with advisory speeds as well as safety-critical speeds, aimed at maintaining the flow of traffic by regulating trains in advance of points of conflict so as to avoid or minimize the need to stop trains to await paths. Human intervention at control centers can lead to accidents due to human error or negligence.For an instance if the cross point calculation is done manually it can lead to accidents if an erroneous value is communicated. These problems can only be solved via an automated system, which will handle these tasks and would consequently avoid human error. Improving Reliability & Availability The trust on the railway as a reliable service has degraded over the last fe w decades due to poor provision of services to the general public. This is mainly due to the frequent delays experienced specially in long distance services. A reliable railway is the single most important requirement of passengers.Delays are an unproductive use of people’s time, and serious delays might disrupt their travel plans. The initial cause of a delay can be: †¢ †¢ †¢ An infrastructure problem for which railway department is responsible (for example, a signaling problem or a speed restriction imposed in response to a track defect); An operational problem for which a train operator is responsible (for example, the breakdown of a train); and An incident that is largely beyond the railway’s control (for example, an accident involving a third party)The signaling problems and accidents involving third parties can be minimized using a communication channel between the drivers and the control centers. The control center should be informed of the trainà ¢â‚¬â„¢s current position and speed that should be based on an accurate, dependable source of data. Delays can be minimized with driver advisory speeds, improved platform departure times, backed by predictive routing algorithms and supporting regulation of train movements through junctions, can ensure presentation of trains just in time to utilize a free path, rather than stopping and starting from rest when a path becomes available.None of these solutions will be possible unless the current tracking system is replaced by a dependable and a more informative system that is capable of providing accurate train position and speeds of the entire network. The cost of train control should fall rapidly once real-time train location systems that are suitable to the local context is identified and are implemented.It is likely that operations on most regional lines will be controlled from an operations centre, through low-cost wireless technology such as GSM, the future development of which wi ll allow increased capacity for train control systems, regulation, and improved passenger safety services. Improving Communication and Public Awareness Lack of information regarding train schedules, delays, and low accuracy of the schedules are to become worse within the context of expansions and would only result in more time spent on the platform, consequently resulting in public dissatisfaction and frustration.There are several constraints identified that would prevent the railways from providing accurate schedules and other information. †¢ †¢ The static nature of the information sources (ex: static web pages and notifications at stations) Deficiencies of the current tracking system General public is made aware of the train schedules using notifications at train stations and via the official web site of the railways department.However, none of these methods will provide accurate data as for the static nature of the web site and the notifications at the station. Addition ally, the deficiencies of the current tracking system impose constraints on providing accurate, dependable and timely information to the user. The switched based tracking system used by the railways department is yet to cover the entire network but would cost a considerable amount for expansion and maintenance thus, emphasizes the need of an alternative that would be more accurate and cost effective.This limits effective decision-making due to inaccuracy and would also lead to accidents. Additional train capacity and better service performance will be the key for success, but the coherent use of technology to deliver information on train status in real time will not only improve utilization, but also offer seamless planning as well as accurate information on availability of passenger services.Further enhancements of such system would even grant passengers capabilities such as text messages informing accurate arrival and departure times and even the seating capacity of the train. GPS /GSM Based Train Tracking System We strongly believe that the correct combination of latest information and communication technologies can provide an effective and feasible solution for the requirement of a reliable and accurate train tracking system to improve the efficiency and productivity of Sri Lanka Railways.The solution we propose encompasses a powerful combination of mobile computing, Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), Global Positioning System (GPS), Geographical Information System (GIS) technologies and software to provide an intelligent train tracking and management system to improve the existing railway transport service. All these technologies are seamlessly integrated to build a robust, scalable architecture as illustrated in Fig. 1. Fig. : High Level Architecture The fundamental process in our system is obtaining train location using GPS technology and transmitting the data via GSM network to the central control unit for data processing and information anal ysis. Real- time positioning information received by the server is made meaningful and extremely useful for the end user through integration of GIS technology where the end user can better organize and utilize information from a graphical view point. Our system consists of 3 main modules. †¢ †¢ †¢ The portable hardware unit (GPS/GSM train locator unit) Central server which andles receiving information from train locators and concurrent user requests Graphical User Interface (GUI) to provide services to our stakeholders The train locator unit planted in the train is designed and implemented, considering the cost factor, size of the module, durability and low power consumption. The power supply unit of the module is a main factor which decides the feasibility of the unit, as it should sustain a seamless supply of electricity at a low voltage for the locator module to function properly.The GPS receiver of the unit is capable of identifying the latitudinal and longitudina l position and ground speed of the specific train by receiving information from the GPS satellites. The position data is periodically sent to the central server through the GSM transmitter of the module. The device is capable of storing data in a buffer at a time of GSM connectivity failure, and can synchronize with the remote server when GSM is back online. The device can also respond to commands and data calls from the remote server as per administrative requirements of the train controllers.We have chosen GSM as the communication medium between the train locator and the central server to improve availability of our system by utilizing the existing GSM network which covers the whole country. The use of GSM over GPRS significantly improves the feasibility and availability of our system. Despite the high mobile penetration and number of mobile telecom service providers (GSM) covering the island, GPRS usage and the coverage is poor in many rural parts of Sri Lanka. Thus, selection of GSM over GPRS data communication is feasible and enables island wide service provisioning.The competition between the GSM service providers has also lead to high quality GSM services at fair rates. The central control system includes a server for handling and processing all the position information received from train locators via the GSM network. The server automatically updates the database with latest position, speed and direction information of each train. The server carries out information processing and analyzing in order to cater for different requirements of the users of our system.The main stakeholders of our system are the railway Department), locomotive drivers and the train administrators (Railway commuters. Our main objective is to be instrumental in improving the efficiency and effectiveness of Sri Lanka Railway services by fulfilling the fundamental requirement of reliable and real time information of train positioning for monitoring and administration purposes by th e Railway Department. The end user of our system is offered with an easy to use graphical user interface for information analysis and administration tasks.The web based access and extensible mobile access to our software is designed to be intuitive for the end user to maximize the effectiveness and efficiency of our system. We have incorporated GIS techniques to provide location specific data organized in layers so the end user can better apprehend the information provided by the system. a very good Satellite images providing visual positioning can serve as background when used in conjunction with map data specifying the location.Our system essentially provides functionality for the railway administrator to monitor the progress of a particular train or a group of trains operating in a geographical area. The user can search and locate trains by the train ID, train name, current location or nearest station etc. Information such as train speed, direction can also be given along with re al time train positioning data. The train control and management process includes management of heavy traffic of passenger and freight trains, which operates in complex running patterns on the railway network.The train controller needs to ensure that passenger trains are adhering to the schedules as well to find efficient routes for unscheduled freight trains. Recording the train movements, arrival/departure at railway stations, fuel status, railway track conditions, and passenger information is a tedious task for the train controllers and would be time consuming if done manually. The accuracy of this information is very important to ensure smooth functioning of the railway service as well as to optimize resource planning.For example at a point of a railway-track failure or an accident, train controller should be able to decide on how to utilize existing resources and efficient alternative routes to ensure system availability of the railway service in that region. Thus our train tra cking system can be enhanced to automate the train control and management process of the Railway Department in order to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the railway services provided. Following is a list of facilities that can be offered by our system to automate the train control and management process. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢Automatic record keeping of train operations and events Functionality to generate time-distance graph for trains which can be used to control and plan the train movements Facility to generate user defined reports and graphs on train movements, arrival-departure at each station, schedule adherence etc. Facility to playback the progress of each train and events for review purposes Automated schedule regulation Forecasting functionality on train arrival-departure at different stations Automatic detection of over speeding, non-adherence r egulations, rail-track failures, train delays etc. o traffic Facilit y to send alerts/warnings to particular train drivers on possible collisions, derailment through the system Automatic rail crossing control By automating the process of record keeping of train traveling, the load of paper work on the train controller is dramatically reduced. This would also ensure accuracy and integrity of the data eliminating human error when documentation is done manually. A single entry point of data ensures there’s no ambiguity of the data recorded in the system.The logged data on arrival-departure time at different stations, number of passengers onboard, freight details, signaling and fuel status at different stations, are instrumental for railway administration when evaluating performance of trains and locomotive drivers. Graphical representation of these data with ability to compare with historical data will be instrumental for the administration to take effective decisions. Various user defined reports on train activities, driver performance, passenge r and freight information also support timely and accurate decision making by the administration.Time-distance graph is vital for the train traffic regulation process. The graph gives the user a wholesome view of the train circulation, railway infrastructure state in different regions and enables the user to detect abnormal conditions and conflicts. The graph is useful for the train operator to identify traffic problems in advance and take precautions to resolve the problems. Data mining is a method of extracting patterns from data [3].The use of advance data mining techniques combined with complex algorithms such as neural networks, genetic algorithms and rule induction can be instrumental in identifying hidden patterns from enormous amount of data. Spatial data mining technique combines data mining with GIS to find patterns in spatial data, which could be a powerful tool for applications using geographical information such as our system. With the huge amount of data pertaining to train operations collected daily, process of information analysis using conventional methods would be a difficult task.Hence, the use of spatial data mining techniques would drastically improve the productivity and effectiveness of the train control and management process carried out through our system. Facility to playback past activities on the railway, enables the user to review and analyze operational situations in the past. Data mining operations can be used effectively in combination with the playback function to identify sequential patterns of particular activities and their impact on the railway traffic.For example, at an unfortunate incident of a train collision, train controllers can use the playback feature combined with the data mining techniques to analyze and identify the sequence of activities which resulted in that accident. With that knowledge, railway administrators can take necessary precautions and trigger alerting mechanisms to avoid such unfortunate accidents i n future, making the railway transportation much safer. Improving safety and availability of railway transport service requires detection and triggering of alerting mechanisms to avoid possible train collisions and other forms of adverse incidents.Constant monitoring of train location, speed, traffic conditions, rail-track conditions and adherence to traffic regulations helps the train controllers to detect potential collisions and derailments. A proper alerting framework is vital in order to avoid such adverse incidents by alerting the locomotive drivers in advance. Our system facilitates a comprehensive alerting mechanism by enabling the train controllers to send alerts/ notifications to locomotive drivers via GSM connection.The hardware unit planted in the train can be enhanced to prompt the alerts to the driver in graphical and audible forms. A LED display unit and an alarm bell to signal adverse conditions can be integrated with the hardware unit to provide a complete alerting framework. The unit can be further enhanced to support voice communication between train controllers and locomotive drivers in order to provide guidance and important messages to the particular driver. This would also enable locomotive drivers to contact the control unit at a state of emergency.Furthermore the system can be incorporated to significantly improve safety at railway and road intersection points. Over the years, many road accidents have occurred at railway crossings imposing a critical safety threat to both train commuters and passengers in vehicles. Such accidents are caused mainly by the unreliability of the safety mechanisms such as blocking arms and signal lights used at the crossing point. Thus our system can be extended to improve the reliability of such safety mechanisms by synchronizing the railway crossing control process with the incoming train’s position.We can provide accurate real time information on train position, speed and length of the train to sy nchronize the functions of rail crossing with the train movements. The productivity of the service can be significantly improved by providing accurate predictions on approaching train at the rail-road crossing and displaying amount of remaining time to clear the crossing from train traffic. Alarm triggers to alert road vehicles approaching too close to the rail-road crossing at a point of train approaching, can also be incorporated to improve the effectiveness of our solution.Thus the system is instrumental in improving safety of both railway passengers and people crossing rail-road cross points. Integrating an intelligent forecasting mechanism on arrival-departure time at different railway stations can further enhance the efficiency and productivity of our system. Train schedule is inevitably subject to train delays which can occur due to various reasons such as excessive train load, rail track failures, train traffic, adverse weather conditions etc.A number of operational paramete rs such as railway traffic, train priority, efficient routes, and railway infrastructure conditions have to be taken into consideration to accurately forecast train arrival time at various stations. Here also data mining with other complex algorithms can be instrumental to provide accurate forecasting on train arrival-departure at stations. The train schedule regulations are automatically updated and stakeholders can be notified. One of the main purposes of our system is to facilitate accurate public information istribution with regard to railway services and operations. Thus, our system can be incorporated to design and implement innovative Passenger Information Systems (PIS) based on real time information of train positions. LED-Display panels put up at railway stations can display arrivaldeparture time of each train enabling the public user to make informed decisions on their journeys. Route number, destination of the arriving vehicle and waiting time can be displayed with real t ime information.With accurate forecasting of train arrival-departure at stations, Railway Department can improve the loyal customer base and also attract new passengers to railway transport service by winning their trust and reducing user uncertainty of using public transport facilities. The user experience can be further enhanced by introducing information Kiosks which can provide information to travelers in an intuitive and interactive manner to make informed decisions on selecting train routes and departure time.The interactive kiosk can be used to obtain travel information such as alternate routes to specified destination, route details on the railway map and latest information on train schedules etc. As a marketing strategy, information regarding the particular city, culture and commercial activities can also be provided to the user through the kiosk. Another extension of the PIS system is delivering real time train information to handheld devices such as mobile phones and PDAs .With the increasing interest on mobile applications, access to latest train schedule information via mobile connection can be influential for improving customer base of the railway service. Easy to use mobile applications can be designed and implemented to enable train commuters to easily subscribe to our service and obtain latest train schedule information via mobile devices. Reliability and customer loyalty of the railway services can be significantly improved by taking such action to improve accurate public information distribution of the current status of railway services.Conclusion After seeing many advancements and changes in the location tracking technology, Sri Lanka Railways now has the ability to pin point the location and other attributes of an operational train in an economical accurate manner. Thus it is visible that to keep up with the today’s demand for information and to comply with the citizen centric governance, technological advancements is essential for a 3rd world country, as after all the deciding factors of a country’s success would be on the how ollaborative and duplex the governance framework in terms of seamless information flow of accurate and timely information between governance ecosystem. Reference [1] Rohan Samarajiva, May 2009, Ideas to win the war: Sri Lanka's main line railway, http://www. lankabusinessonline. com/print. php? nid=1238565096 [2] Sri Lanka Railway Department 2007, n. d. , Future Plans, http://www. railway. gov. lk/future_plan. html

Macbeth Irony - 1610 Words

MACBETH DRAMATIC IRONY The story of Macbeth written by the infamous William Shakespeare is an excellent storyline known and taught as a great piece of literature. Even after the creation of this tale almost 400 years ago, this wonderful written work is still admired and known all over the world. It is an adventure of a noble and truthful hero who is overcome by the lust for power and by greed. His aroused hunger for authority and supremacy leads to him losing his path and turning to the way of malice. The play progresses, as this character plays deeper and deeper into Satan s evil hand. Through the growth of this malevolent character, the story grows and develops as well. Each and every move this character makes affects someone†¦show more content†¦Duncan was on top of his kingdom but Macbeth s actions completely changed the empire and a new king took control of the throne. These changes in ranks of characters are hidden in some scenes in which certain objects camouflage truths and secrets. One s uch object was Macbeth s castle that hid the dreadful destiny of King Duncan. Duncan thought of the castle as if it had a pleasant seat. He added that the air nimbly and sweetly recommends itself into his gentle senses, (I, vi, 1-3). He did not anticipate the castle and it s sweet setting to be nothing but a prop to foolishly guide him into Macbeth s hand. Lady Macbeth also proved to be such an object when Duncan declared her our hounour d hostess! (I, vi, 12) without realizing that she would be the counselor in this crime. This act of regicide by Macbeth was also foretold by dramatic irony when the sister witches greeted him with all hail, Macbeth! That shalt be king hereafter, (I, iii, 53). This scene is not only significant because of evidence from the play but also from events that occurred in reality. This play was first performed for King James I of England who about a year before the performance was involved in an incident where Catholics tried to kill him and destroy the Eng lish parliament, making this scene very important. The dramatic irony in the story supports the theme through Macbeth s rising ambition, which leads to him murdering the king and gainingShow MoreRelatedIrony in Macbeth1655 Words   |  7 PagesDramatic Irony is the result of information being shared with the audience but withheld from one or more of the characters. Example: In  Act 1 Scene 4, line 50  , the witches hail Macbeth,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"thane of Cawdor!† Dramatic irony: At this point, Macbeth is unaware that the king has conferred this honor upon him because of his valor in battle, so he attributes his fortune to the witches’ prophecy. However, the audience knows Duncan made the pronouncement in Act 1, Scene 3. 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